Mercury Columns

I write a regular column on astronomy education for Mercury magazine

Here are my columns to date:

• March/April 2000: Reach for the Stars
• May/June 2000: The Key to Success in Astronomy
• July/August 2000: Classroom Careers for Scientists
• September/October 2000: The Research/Teaching Ideal (Coming Soon)

Besides the change of authorship, you'll notice a change in the nature of this column. For a couple of reasons, I will no longer put a lot of emphasis on news updates about astronomy education. One reason is that I'm not as on top of all this news as Dr. Connolly managed to be. Another reason is that the Web now offers many resources for astronomy education news. Four great resources are ASP's education webpage (www.aspsky.org/education.html), its quarterly teachers' newsletter Universe in the Classroom (www.aspsky.org/education/tnl.html), the page for astronomy teachers maintained by Andrew Fraknoi (www.aspsky.org/education/educsites.html), and the education page at the American Astronomical Society (www.aas.org/education).

In place of news, this column will become more of an op-ed piece on issues in astronomy education. While I don't claim any special expertise in education, I do have a fair amount of experience to speak from. I spent several years as an elementary school teaching assistant and science specialist, and several summers running an astronomy program for elementary- and middle-school children. Later, I taught astronomy to high-school students in a summer program at the University of Colorado. I've taught college classes in astronomy, physics, mathematics, and education. I also spent a couple of years at NASA Headquarters developing education programs for the Office of Space Science. Thus, my perspective will be that of someone who has been very involved in teaching and curriculum development.

The more important question is why I'm involved in education, and why I think it is so important for all astronomy enthusiasts - whether amateur or professional - to get involved as well. There are, of course, the usual answers involving our obligation to give something back to society. For example, we all know that kids love astronomy, so it makes sense for us to do what we can to help motivate children to learn through astronomy. We also know that astronomy is largely a taxpayer-funded endeavor, and it is, therefore, our duty to make sure that the benefits of astronomical research go to everyone and not just to the professionals who receive the funding.

But I believe there are much deeper reasons why we must share our enthusiasm for astronomy with others. Take another look at the H.G. Wells quote at the beginning of this article. He wrote it more than two decades before the advent of the atomic bomb. Today, our technological prowess gives us the ability to destroy our society in many ways. The threat of nuclear war remains with us, even if it is far less likely now than it seemed before the end of the Cold War. Advances in medicine and public health have allowed our population to grow to the point where we are placing a huge burden on the natural environment upon which we depend. Rapid, global transportation allows us to spread deadly diseases around the world in a few days.

At the same time, our science and technology offer incredible promises for the future. We may soon be able to wipe out most debilitating diseases. New food and energy technologies may allow us to provide a high standard of living to all humans while also alleviating the pressure on the environment. We can easily imagine an astronomical observatory on the Moon (see "Astronomy from the Moon: A Second Look," p. 31) or the arrival of the first human explorers on Mars. But these achievements may be only the beginning. If we can successfully navigate the minefield of potential catastrophes, we can foresee a day when our children or grandchildren will set sail for the stars. After all, unless our technological development is halted, it seems inevitable that we will someday build starships that can travel at speeds near the speed of light.

Take a long view, down the centuries and millennia from this moment. Imagine our descendants living among the stars. They will have the privilege of experiencing ideas, worlds, and discoveries beyond our imagination today. Perhaps, in their history lessons, they will learn of our generation - the generation that history placed at the fork between the pathways to catastrophe and the pathways to the stars. This history, if it is ever written, will surely say that we found the right path because of our emphasis on education.

Viewed in this light, astronomy education is more than just a civic concern. It is a survival skill. As Yogi Berra may have said, "If you don't know where you're going, you'll probably end up some place else." Given our choice of paths, it is our solemn obligation to help teach everyone on Earth to reach for the stars.

Jeff Bennett is currently a full-time writer in Boulder, Colorado. He is lead author of two textbooks for introductory astronomy: The Cosmic Perspective and The Cosmic Perspective Brief Edition, both published by Addison Wesley. He welcomes email correspondence about these columns and other issues at jbennett@casa.colorado.edu.

The one quality which sets one individual apart from another - the key which lifts one to every aspiration while others are caught up in the mire of mediocrity - is not talent, formal education, nor intellectual brightness; it is self-discipline. With self-discipline, all things are possible. Without it, even the simplest goal can seem like the impossible dream.
- Theodore Roosevelt

Do you know why we have seasons on Earth? If so, you are in a distinct minority among Americans. Most people, if they have any idea at all, incorrectly guess that seasons arise because Earth's distance from the Sun varies during the year.

The problem with this answer is obvious if you remember that the Northern and Southern Hemispheres have opposite seasons, since seasons would have a single, worldwide pattern if they resulted from variation in the Earth-Sun distance. Seasons actually arise from the tilt of the Earth's axis, which causes sunlight to hit different latitudes at different angles at different times of year. In June, for example, the Northern Hemisphere is tipped toward the Sun while the Southern Hemisphere is tipped away, so it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere and winter in the Southern Hemisphere. (See any astronomy textbook for a more detailed explanation.)

The question of the seasons raises an even more important question about education. Many Mercury readers will recall the famous study in which even Harvard graduates gave the wrong explanation for the seasons. Yet the seasons are taught somewhere in almost any school curriculum. So why do so few people understand them?

Part of the answer comes from misconceptions that people bring to the table, as has been well documented by Philip Sadler, Matthew Schneps, and others at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (see A Private Universe Project, www.learner.org/teacherslab/pup/ or view their short documentary, A Private Universe, available through the ASP Catalog). But I believe another issue is at least equally important. Even if you offer students the great activities developed by the Harvard researchers, or the great activities in ASP's teacher resource book, A Universe at Your Fingertips, your students still won't learn anything unless they work hard and think about their work.

The necessity of hard work to learning may seem fairly obvious, yet it has been sadly neglected. Billions of dollars have been spent on curriculum development, teacher-training programs, standards and assessment, the creation of "hands-on" activities, and, more recently, in creating the latest cool computer animations and interactive simulations. But none of these are worth a hoot unless they are also accompanied by hard work on students' part. Unfortunately, my own informal studies of this issue show that, if anything, students are doing less work today than they did just a few decades ago.

For example, I tell my students (in a three-credit-hour college class) that they should expect to study six to nine hours per week outside class. This expectation is nothing more than the old rule of thumb that students should study two to three hours outside class for each hour in class. Nearly every professor I've ever spoken to is aware of this rule of thumb. But, by and large, students have never heard of it. Moreover, the rule directly contradicts their experiences. Students did not work this hard in high school, and they rarely are expected to work this hard in their college classes outside of science and mathematics. The latter fact gets hammered home on my end-of-term course surveys: my non-science-major students generally say that they did study six to nine hours per week for my class, but often add that it was more than they studied for all the rest of their classes combined.

When I discuss the issue with students and other faculty, I find that the main problem is not an unwillingness to do the hard work. Many of the students are used to working hard in non-academic areas, such as sports, music, or jobs. It's just that no one has ever expected them to put in the same kind of effort in academics. We can hardly blame the students for the problem. Students can rise to meet our expectations only if we make the expectations clear.

As teachers, we have an important role to play in motivating our students to learn and in developing curricula that will enable them to study effectively and efficiently. Yet we cannot pour facts into our students' heads. If they are going to learn, they will have to do it themselves, with our aid and encouragement. The key to success in astronomy is the same as it is in everything else: hard work.

Look again at the Teddy Roosevelt quote above. The best thing we can do for our students is to help them learn the self-discipline needed for hard work. Set your expectations high. Assign plenty of homework. Lay out a clear, tough, and fair policy on grading. Always be willing to help your students when they need youÑbut only if they are holding up their end of the bargain on the hard work. Once your students start putting in the effort, you'll be amazed at how much they can learn.

A final note: if you are interested, I have a handout called "How to Succeed in Your College Classes," which I give to all my students; find it online here.

Jeff Bennett is currently a full-time writer in Boulder, Colorado. He is lead author of two textbooks for introductory astronomy: The Cosmic Perspective and The Cosmic Perspective Brief Edition, both published by Addison Wesley. He welcomes email correspondence about these columns and other issues at jbennett@casa.colorado.edu.